electrical language used by disorders. Theoretically, it may be possible to correct the

problem by using tiny electrodes to activate or block the faulty circuits. Researchers could

potentially manipulate a wide variety of bodily functions using this method of micro-

manipulation of the nervous system, which involves sending impulses (action potentials)

to specific cells within neural circuits. These applications include controlling appetite or

blood pressure, as well as stimulating the release of insulin in response to rising blood

sugar levels. An invasive procedure will likely be necessary to identify and block the

nerve bundles carrying different signals from the peripheral nervous system to the brain

that are implicated in certain disorders. Preventing the different signals from being dis­

charged in the brain will have a greater effect than previously assumed [24]. The

following are a few noteworthy areas for bioelectronics: (i) gaining an understanding of

the interactions between molecules, cells, and electronics; (ii) recognizing and under­

standing cellular responses to stimulus, as well as their variations (electrical, mechanical,

chemical, thermal, and the like); (iii) the ability to collect and analyze critical data on the

state of biomolecules and cells (chemical, physical, structural, and functional data);

(iv) the ability to monitor, in real time, the biochemistry of a single cell or a population of

cells, which necessitates an understanding of the interactions between molecules; (v) the

ability to give treatment materials and stimuli in real time that are suitable; and

(vi) capability of concurrently detecting, identifying, and quantifying hundreds of distinct

biomarkers [25].

1.2.5 Materials’ Reactivity

Environmental conditions that are volatile and difficult to plan and manage for the for­

mation of bio-interfaces are common in nature. There is a wide variety of pH values

FIGURE 1.3

A systematic representation of (a) metal-based electrodes for the capturing as well as installation of capacitive,

faradaic, and biocatalytic currents, and (b) field-effect and organic electrochemical transistors (FET and OECT,

respectively) for sensing bioelectric signals. Reproduced with permission [ 1]. Copyright (2020), Royal Society of

Chemistry.

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Bioelectronics